ap exceeds R — invalid HFM geometry, becomes full engagement.
Lead Angle κr
–
Feed per Tooth fz
–
Chip Thickness h
–
Chip Width b
–
Feed Rate Vf
–
MRR
–
Teeth Engaged Simultaneously
–
Cutting Power Pc
–
Spindle Torque
–
Tangential Cutting Force Ft
–
Radial Deflection Force Fr
–
Axial Deflection Force Fa
–
Tool Radial Deflection δ (E≈200 GPa)
–
Tool radial deflection is a cantilever-beam approximation (δ = Fr·L³ / 3EI) assuming a solid round tool/holder makeup with an elastic modulus of ~200 GPa (typical steel shank); actual deflection varies with tool material, holder type, and clamping.